Türkiye's Immigration Landscape: Cultural Exchange and Labor Dynamics with Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2024.4.1.251Keywords:
Ottoman Empire, Türkiye, Africa, Foreign Policy, Türkiye-Africa Relationship, African Perception, Afro Turks, Blue HomelandAbstract
Türkiye’s relations with the African continent trace back to the periods of the Ottoman Empire’s existence there. Beginning with trade, continuing education, and improving labor force requirements continue to strengthen relations with the Modern Türkiye. As a result of the transformations the African continent has undergone in recent years, Türkiye wants to take advantage of the opportunities in the region, increasing its reputation through civil society organizations and aid agencies, while exerting a protective and reassuring influence in the region through military cooperation. Due to factors triggering migration from African countries, Türkiye and Europe are seen as a new hope for immigrants. In addition to the increasing need for the labor force, affordable education, and scholarship opportunities, the university entrance exam prepared specifically for foreign students also makes Türkiye an attractive center. In this article, you will witness the journey stories of hope that often begin with aspirations to become football players, the changes in the perception of Africans over the years through the power of social media, and the factors influencing this, as well as the importance of arts, music, films, and television series in shaping society. From the challenges faced by African communities seeking hope in a new country to the conveniences provided by government institutions during the integration process, all these processes are addressed in this article.
References
Anadolu Agency. (2014). S. African ambassador: Mandela didn’t “reject” Ataturk prize. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/archive/s-african-ambassador-mandela-didnt-reject-ataturk-prize/188021
ChatGPT response to “Discrimination to Africans in Türkiye. (2023). ChatGPT. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://chat.openai.com.
De Clerck, H. M.-l. (2013). Sub-Saharan African migrants in Turkey: a case study on Senegalese migrants in Istanbul [Türkiye’deki Sahra Altı Afrikalı Göçmenler: İstanbul’daki Senegalli Göçmenler Üzerine Bir Örnek Olay İncelemesi]. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 68(01), 39-58. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002272
Dedecan, M. (2023). Siyah İstanbul. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.evrensel.net/haber/486135/siyah-istanbul#:~:text=2021%20itibar%C4%B1yla%20T%C3%BCrkiye%E2%80%99de%20yakla%C5%9F%C4%B1k,b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%20bir%20Somali%20toplulu%C4%9Fu%20var
European University Institute: Migration Policy, C., European University Institute: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced, S., & De Bel-Air, F. (2016). Migration profile – Turkey. European University Institute. https://doi.org/doi/10.2870/805939
Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, E., Vreÿ, F., & Baser, B. (2024). Introduction Turkey and Africa: Motivations, Challenges and Future Prospects. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 26(3), 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2023.2236514
Galal, S. (2023). Unemployment rate in Africa as of 2024, by country. Statista. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1286939/unemployment-rate-in-africa-by-country/
Güvendik, M. Ö. (2023). Güney Afrikalılar Türkiye'deki depremzedelere yardım için seferber oldu. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/asrin-felaketi/guney-afrikalilar-turkiyedeki-depremzedelere-yardim-icin-seferber-oldu/2818319
Imamoglu, E. (2023). Somali Cumhurbaşkanının oğlu, motokurye Yunus Emre Göçer’e çarparak ölümüne sebep oluyor ve serbest bırakılıyor. Göçer’e Allah’tan rahmet, ailesine başsağlığı diliyorum. Bu işin peşini bırakmayacağız. Hukuki süreci, on binlerce motokurye emekçi adına sonuna kadar takip edeceğim! . Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://x.com/ekrem_imamoglu/status/1732702527928373745
İncekaya, G. (2017). Afrika Kıtası’nın yeni umut kapısı. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/afrika-kitasinin-yeni-umut-kapisi-/991959
International Monetary Fund. (2024). World Economic Outlook (April 2024). Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/datasets/WEO
Karasu, K. (2024). Karabük Üniversitesi’ndeki yabancı sayısı, Türkiye’nin en kalabalık üniversitesine yaklaştı. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://12punto.com.tr/dunya/gazzede-can-kaybi-32-bini-asti-28301
Katsikidis, A. (2022). Materializing the ‘Blue Homeland’ doctrine. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.ekathimerini.com/opinion/interviews/1197618/materializing-the-blue-homeland-doctrine/
Kavak, G. (2023a). “African Perception” in Türkiye and the African Vision (First Quarter of the 21st Century). Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2994579
Kavak, G. (2023b). Binlerce Afrikalı genç eğitim için kıta dışı ülkeleri tercih ediyor. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dosya-haber/binlerce-afrikali-genc-egitim-icin-kita-disi-ulkeleri-tercih-ediyor/3034243
Kavak, G., & Aktaş, T. (2021). Türkiye’nin Afrika’da etkisi artıyor. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/turkiyenin-afrikada-etkisi-artiyor/2398371
Kavaş, A. (2022). Afrikalı Öğrencinin İstikameti Türkiye. İstanbul Ticaret Gazetesi 18 March. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://istanbulticaretgazetesi.com/tr/yazar-haber/afrikali-ogrencinin-istikameti-turkiye
Koşar, A., & Yalçın, V. (September 20, 2020). Türkiye'de Afrikalı göçmenler: 'Yaşadığımız haksızlıkların nedeni hala köle olarak görülmemiz' Euronews. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://tr.euronews.com/2020/09/18/turkiye-de-siyahiler-yasad-g-m-z-haks-zl-klar-n-nedeni-hala-kole-olarak-gorulmemiz
McLean, S. (January 17, 2024). Somali president’s son convicted for fatal collision in Turkey, but spared jail time. CNN Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/17/world/somali-presidents-son-convicted-for-fatal-collision-in-turkey-but-spared-jail-time
Merkezi, H. (2024). Türk işçisini atıp yerine yabancı işçi getiriyorlar. Önce Hindistan'dan şimdi Afrika'dan. Yeniçağ. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/turk-iscisini-atip-yerine-yabanci-isci-getiriyorlar-once-hindistandan-simdi-787991h.htm
Ozkan, M. (2014). Doğu Afrika Jeopolitiği ve Türkiye’nin Somali Politikası. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://file.setav.org/Files/Pdf/20141021153934_40_somali_web.pdf
Özdag, Ü. (2023). Burası İzmir. Afrikalı mahallesi. Türkiye’de 2 milyon civarında Afrikalı yaşıyor. Bu sağlıklı bir durum değil. Afrikalıların sayısı her geçen gün artıyor. X.com. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://x.com/umitozdag/status/1672888975286050816
Öztürk, M., & Duman, M. (2023). A Founding Role in Türkiye’s Africa Policy: The Action Plan for Opening to Africa. Insight Turkey(25), 223-240. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2023253.12
Presidency of Migration Management. (2023). Düzensiz Göçle Mücadelemiz Devam Ediyor... Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://x.com/Gocidaresi/status/1662073044423114752
Presidency of Migration Management. (2024). Residence Permits. Statistics. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://en.goc.gov.tr/residence-permits
Ramm, C. (2016). Beyond ‘Black Turks’ and ‘White Turks’ – The Turkish Elites’ Ongoing Mission to Civilize a Colourful Society. 70(4), 1355-1385. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/asia-2016-0035 (Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques)
Şefkatli, F. E. (2024). Meloni’nin Türkiye Ziyareti ve İtalya’nın Afrika’daki Mattei Planı. SavunmaTR February. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.savunmatr.com/meloninin-turkiye-ziyareti-ve-italyanin-afrikadaki-mattei-plani/
Suter, B. (2013). Perceptions, Contestations And Negotiations On Race, Ethnicity And Gender: The Case Of Sub-Saharan African Migrants In İstanbul [Irk, Etnisite ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Üzerine Algılar, Çekişmeler ve Müzakereler: İstanbul’da Sahra Altı Afrikalı Göçmenler Örneği]. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 68(01), 59-81. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002273
Torkington, S. (2024). A $6 billion investment in Africa’s future and other key outcomes from the Italy-Africa summit. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/02/italy-africa-summit-outcomes/
Turkish TV Channel (NTV). (May 25, 2021). Afrikalı işçiler bu yıl da çay hasadında. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/afrikali-isciler-bu-yil-da-cay-hasadinda,p2h93F7Y_k6QbOWn8aHJGA/O_ssWVFJu0atBFfXx3XSzg
Wheeler, A. T. (2011). Ankara to Africa: Turkey's outreach since 2005. South African Journal of International Affairs, 18(1), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2011.564426
World Bank Group. (2022). GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - Middle East & North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Turkiye. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?end=2022&locations=ZQ-ZG-TR&start=2015&view=chart
World Bank Group. (2023). Publication: World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/5e5ac9f1-71ee-4734-825e-60966658395f
YÖS ile İlgili Sorular. (2024). ÖSYM. Retrieved Oktober 10, 2024 from https://www.osym.gov.tr/TR,4651/yos-ile-ilgili-sorular.html