This is an outdated version published on 2025-11-21. Read the most recent version.

Military Intelligence in Africa: Network Lens and Culture-Centric Focus

n/a

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12700/jceeas.2025.5.3.385

Keywords:

Military intelligence, Africa, United States, network-centric

Abstract

Retraction Notice

Article concerned:
Putter, D., Salgado, B. A., & John Melkon, J. (2025). Military Intelligence in Africa: Network Lens and Culture-Centric Focus: n/a. Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies, 5(3), 84–101. https://doi.org/10.12700/jceeas.2025.5.3.385

Reason for retraction: Redundant publication

Detailed information:
On 16 November 2025, the author informed our editorial office that an article with similar content to the one published in JCEEAS had already been published in August 2025.
Place of earlier publication: John Melkon, Brock A. Salgado & Dries Putter (03 Aug 2025): Networkcentric US military intelligence strategy for Africa's evolving geopolitical landscape, African Security Review, DOI: 10.1080/10246029.2025.2528706.

In accordance with JCEEAS’s policies and the COPE Retraction Guidelines https://publicationethics.org/guidance/guideline/retraction-guidelines, an internal procedure was initiated.
JCEEAS allows a maximum of 15% similarity with another study (see Call for Papers / Instructions for Authors). In this case, the similarity between the two articles substantially exceeded this threshold. Based on this, the editorial board concluded that the case constitutes redundant publication under the JCEEAS Plagiarism and Publication Malpractice Policy, and therefore decided to retract the article.

In connection with this decision, we examined and documented the review and acceptance workflow:

  • The author submitted the article to the JCEEAS system on 22 April 2025.

  • JCEEAS completed the plagiarism check on 13 May 2025. At that time, the article in African Security Review had not yet been published, and therefore could not be detected during the plagiarism screening.

  • The first version of the article in question appeared in African Security Review on 3 August 2025.

  • JCEEAS published the article on 12 November 2025.

  • Upon learning this, the author notified the editorial office on 16 November 2025 that the appearance of the two articles might constitute a case of redundant publication.

This notice emphasises that, based on the available information, the author acted in good faith and reported the issue to the editorial office within a short time frame; therefore, no further ethical concerns arise in relation to this case.

The retraction applies to both the online and offline versions of JCEEAS.
In the online version, the retraction will be displayed by marking the affected article and publishing this Retraction Notice alongside it. Since the printed version of the issue was still in the printing phase during the procedure, the retracted article will not be included in the print edition.

Author Biographies

Brock A. Salgado , West Point, USA

Brock A. Salgado is First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army’s First Multi-Domain Task Force (MDTF), a unit at the forefront of the Army’s modernization program. As a Field Artillery Officer, he is assigned to 5-3 Long Range Fires Battalion (LRFB) where he has served as a Platoon Leader for both the HIMARS Battery and the Long-Range Hypersonic Battery. He is a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point where he earned a Bachelor of Science with a Major in Arabic a Minor in Grand Strategy.

Affiliation: West Point, USA

Email: brock.a.salgado.mil@army.mil

John John Melkon , West Point, USA

John Melkon II is a PhD Candidate in Military Sciences at Stellenbosch University. He holds various degrees including an AB from Princeton, and MAs at Columbia and Texas A&M University. He is an Assistant Professor of Geography at the United States Military Academy at West Point, the Director of the Center for the Study of Civil-Military Operations and serves as an Extraordinary Professor of Practice at North West University in South Africa. He is a retired US Army Special Forces Officer with combat experience in the Middle East and operational experience in Africa. 

Affiliation: West Point, USA

Email: john.melkon@westpoint.edu

References

Retraction Notice

Article concerned:

Putter, D., Salgado, B. A., & John Melkon, J. (2025). Military Intelligence in Africa: Network Lens and Culture-Centric Focus: n/a. Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies, 5(3), 84–101. https://doi.org/10.12700/jceeas.2025.5.3.385

Reason for retraction: Redundant publication

Detailed information:

On 16 November 2025, the author informed our editorial office that an article with similar content to the one published in JCEEAS had already been published in August 2025.

Place of earlier publication: John Melkon, Brock A. Salgado & Dries Putter (03 Aug 2025): Networkcentric US military intelligence strategy for Africa's evolving geopolitical landscape, African Security Review, DOI: 10.1080/10246029.2025.2528706.

In accordance with JCEEAS’s policies and the COPE Retraction Guidelines https://publicationethics.org/guidance/guideline/retraction-guidelines, an internal procedure was initiated.

JCEEAS allows a maximum of 15% similarity with another study (see Call for Papers / Instructions for Authors). In this case, the similarity between the two articles substantially exceeded this threshold. Based on this, the editorial board concluded that the case constitutes redundant publication under the JCEEAS Plagiarism and Publication Malpractice Policy, and therefore decided to retract the article.

In connection with this decision, we examined and documented the review and acceptance workflow:

The author submitted the article to the JCEEAS system on 22 April 2025.

JCEEAS completed the plagiarism check on 13 May 2025. At that time, the article in African Security Review had not yet been published, and therefore could not be detected during the plagiarism screening.

The first version of the article in question appeared in African Security Review on 3 August 2025.

JCEEAS published the article on 12 November 2025.

Upon learning this, the author notified the editorial office on 16 November 2025 that the appearance of the two articles might constitute a case of redundant publication.

This notice emphasises that, based on the available information, the author acted in good faith and reported the issue to the editorial office within a short time frame; therefore, no further ethical concerns arise in relation to this case.

The retraction applies to both the online and offline versions of JCEEAS.

In the online version, the retraction will be displayed by marking the affected article and publishing this Retraction Notice alongside it. Since the printed version of the issue was still in the printing phase during the procedure, the retracted article will not be included in the print edition.

Published

2025-11-12 — Updated on 2025-11-21

Versions

How to Cite

Putter, D., Salgado , B. A., & John Melkon , J. (2025). Military Intelligence in Africa: Network Lens and Culture-Centric Focus : n/a. Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.12700/jceeas.2025.5.3.385 (Original work published November 12, 2025)

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): JCEEAS - Vol 5. Number 3 2025

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Dries Putter, Brock A. Salgado , John John Melkon

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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